आबाद آباد ♣ Eng. oakum + feed

आबाद آباد ♣ Eng. oakum + feed

[ābād], adj. inhabited, settled, populated.

[←New Pers. ābād ‘inhabited, cultivated (place, settlement); prosperous’ ◄Middle Pers. ābād ‘populous, thriving, prosperous’ <+②ā- ‘near to, toward’ (♣Eng. oakum) ◄Old Pers. pāta- pp. <√pā ‘to protect’] ♣[Avestan pā- v. ‘to protect’] ♣[OIA √pā ‘to protect, keep’]

▲[PIE pā- : pə-, and pā-t- : pə-t- ‘to feed, graze, pasture’](LRC),(AHD)▼

[PIE► ⋯⋯ ►Eng. feed, fodder, food, foster] ♣[PIE► ⋯⋯ →Eng. forage, fur, pasture]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0002; (Turner, 1966) p.452; (MW, 1899) 0613, ② 0126; (Pokorny, 1959) 0787, 0839, ② 0280; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.112, ② 1.157; (MacKenzie, 1971) 001; (Horn, 1893) 0004

आज़ाद آزاد ♣ Eng. oakum + generate

आज़ाद آزاد ♣ Eng. oakum + generate

[āzād], adj. free, independent.

[←New Pers. āzād ‘free’ ◄Middle Pers. āzād ‘noble, free’ <+②ā- ‘near to, toward’ (♣Eng. oakum) <zā- v. ‘to be born; to give birth, bear’] ♣[Young Avestan zāta- ppp. ‘born’ <zan- v. ‘to give birth’] ♣[OIA jātá- ʻbornʼ, m. ʻsonʼ RV. <√jan ‘be born’]

▲[PIE *ĝen-, ĝenǝ-, ĝnē-, ĝnō- ‘to bear, to beget, to give birth, to be born, to produce’](LRC),(AHD)▼

[PIE► ⋯⋯ ►Eng. kin, king, kind] ♣[PIE► ⋯⋯ →Eng. gender, generate, genius, genuine, nation, nature]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0045; (Turner, 1966) 5182, p.281; (MW, 1899) 0417, 0410, ② 0126; (Pokorny, 1959) 0373, ② 0280; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 1.567, ② 1.157; (MacKenzie, 1971) 015; (Horn, 1893) 0019

आवाज़ آواز ♣ Eng. oakum + vocal

आवाज़ آواز ♣ Eng. oakum + vocal

[āvāz], f. voice, sound.

[←New Pers. āwāz ‘voice, sound’ ◄Middle Pers. āwāz ‘sound, voice, language’ <+②ā- ‘near to, towards’ (♣Eng. oakum)] ♣[Avestan vak- / vac- v. ‘to speak, say’] ♣[OIA √vac ‘speak’]

▲[PIE *u̯ekʷ- ‘to speak, say, tell’](LRC),(AHD)▼

[PIE► ⋯⋯ →Eng. vocal, voice, vowel, vocation, epic]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0101; (Turner, 1966) p.653; (MW, 1899) 0154, 0912, ② 0126; (Pokorny, 1959) 1135, ② 0280; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.489, 2.539, ② 1.157; (MacKenzie, 1971) 013; (Horn, 1893) 0054

आसमान آسمان ♣ Eng. edge, acute

आसमान آسمان ♣ Eng. edge, acute

[āsmān], m. the sky.

[←New Pers. āsmān ‘sky, heaven’ ◄Middle Pers. asmān ‘sky, heaven’ ◄Old Pers. asman- m. ‘heaven’] ♣[Young Avestan asman- m. ‘stone, sling-stone; heaven’] ♣[OIA áśman- m. ʻstone, rock; thunderbolt; the firmamentʼ RV.]

▲[PIE *ak̂-, ok̂- ‘sharp; stone’](LRC),(AHD)▼

[PIE► ⋯⋯ ►Eng. edge, ear, hammer, heaven] ♣[PIE► ⋯⋯ →Eng. acute, acrid, eager, acid, oxygen]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0053; (Turner, 1966) 915; (MW, 1899) 0114; (Pokorny, 1959) 0018; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 1.137; (MacKenzie, 1971) 012; (Horn, 1893) 0027

आगाह آگاہ ♣ Eng. oakum + ukase

आगाह آگاہ ♣ Eng. oakum + ukase

[āgāh], adj. informed, acquainted (of), aware (of).

[←New Pers. āgāh adj. ‘aware, knowing’ ◄Middle Pers. āgāh adj. ‘aware, knowing’] ♣[Young Avestan  ākasat̰ 3sg.inj. ‘to catch sight of’] ♣[OIA ā-√kāś ‘to view, recognize’ <+②ā- ‘near to, towards’ (♣Eng. oakum) <√kāś ‘be visible, appear, shine’]

▲[PIE *kʷek̂-, kʷōk̂-, kʷek̂-s- ‘to seem, see, show, appear’](LRC)▼

[PIE► ⋯⋯ →Eng. ukase]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0069; (Turner, 1966) 1008, p.158; (MW, 1899) 0126, 0280, ② 0126; (Pokorny, 1959) 0638, ② 0280; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 1.344, ② 1.157; (MacKenzie, 1971) 006; (Horn, 1893) 0040

अश्क اشک ♣ Eng. tear, lachrymal

अश्क اشک ♣ Eng. tear, lachrymal

[aʃk], m. tears.

[←New Pers. ašk ‘tear’] ♣[Young Avestan asrū- n.pl. ‘tear’] ♣[OIA áśru- n. ʻtearʼ RV., once m. ŚBr.]

▲[PIE *dak̂ru- ‘tear (from the eye’)](LRC)▼

[PIE► ⋯⋯ ►Eng. tear] ♣[PIE► ⋯⋯ →Eng. lachrymal]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0057; (Turner, 1966) 919; (MW, 1899) 0114; (Pokorny, 1959) 0023, 0179; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 1.138; (Horn, 1893) 0088

अंजुमन انجمن ♣ Eng. same + come

अंजुमन انجمن ♣ Eng. same + come

[anjuman], f.; m. an association, society, assembly, company, organization.

[←New Pers. an-ǰuman ‘company, assembly, club’ ◄Middle Pers. han-ǰaman ‘gathering, assembly, congregation, community’ ◄Old Pers. ham-gam- ‘to come together’ <+②ham- ‘together with’ (♣Eng. same) <gam- ‘to go’] ♣[Avestan haṇjamana- n. ‘(place of) assembly, gathering’] ♣[OIA √gam ‘go’]

▲[PIE *gʷā-, gʷem- ‘to go, come’](LRC)▼

[PIE► ⋯⋯ ►Eng. come, become] ♣[PIE► ⋯⋯ →Eng. venue, advent, event, prevent, base, basis, acrobat]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0089; (Turner, 1966) p.215, ② 13173; (MW, 1899) 0346, ② 1152; (Pokorny, 1959) 0463, ② 0902; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 1.465, 1.482, ② 2.702; (MacKenzie, 1971) 042; (Horn, 1893) 0114, ② 1102

बा- با ♣ Eng. up, sub-

बा- با ♣ Eng. up, sub-

[bā-], prep.; pref. (Pers. formation) with, by, accompanying.

[←New Pers. bā prep. ‘with, by’ ◄ ⋯⋯ ◄Old Pers. upā prep. ‘under, with, in the time of’] ♣[Young Avestan upa prep., prev. ‘towards, with, on, in’ ◄Old Avestan upā prep., prev. ‘towards, with, on, in’] ♣[OIA úpa ‘up to, upon, above, near; with, together with’ RV.]

▲[PIE *upo, up, eup, (e)up-s- ‘(from) under, (from) below, etc.’](LRC),(AHD)▼

[PIE► ⋯⋯ ►Eng. above, often, open, up] ♣[PIE► ⋯⋯ →Eng. opal, sub-, supine]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0116; (Turner, 1966) 2136; (MW, 1899) 0194; (Pokorny, 1959) 1106; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 1.218; (MacKenzie, 1971) ; (Horn, 1893) 0145

पाक پاک ♣ Eng. pour, pure

पाक پاک ♣ Eng. pour, pure

[pāk], adj. pure, clean, sacred, holy.

[←New Pers. pāk adj. ‘pure, clear, clean, holy’ ◄Middle Pers. pāk adj. ‘clean’] ♣[Young Avestan pūitika- adj. ‘serving for purification’] ♣[OIA √pū ‘purify’]

▲[PIE *peu-, peu̯ǝ- : pū̆- ‘to clean, sift’](LRC),(AHD)▼

[PIE►·····→Eng. pour, pure, purge, Puritan]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0218; (Turner, 1966) p.471; (MW, 1899) 0640; (Pokorny, 1959) 0827; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.105; (MacKenzie, 1971) 064; (Horn, 1893) 0277

गर्म گرم ♣ Eng. warm, thermo-

गर्म گرم ♣ Eng. warm, thermo-

[garm], adj. hot, warm.

[←New Pers. garm adj. ‘hot, warm’ ◄Middle Pers. garm adj. ‘warm, hot’ ◄Old Pers. garma-pada- ‘Name of the fourth month (June-July)’] ♣[Avestan garǝma- adj. ‘warm’, n. ‘heat’] ♣[OIA gharmá- m. ‘heat’ RV., ‘sweat’ lex. <√ghr̥ ‘be hot’]

▲[PIE *gʷher- ‘to heat, warm; hot, warm’](LRC),(AHD)▼

[PIE►·····►Eng. warm] ♣[PIE►·····→Eng. thermo-, forceps, furnace]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0904; (Turner, 1966) 4445, p.243; (MW, 1899) 0376, 0379; (Pokorny, 1959) 0493, 1166; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 1.513; (MacKenzie, 1971) 035; (Horn, 1893) 0911

ज़बान زبان ♣ Eng. tongue, language

ज़बान زبان ♣ Eng. tongue, language

[zabān], f. the tongue, language.

[←New Pers. zabān ‘tongue’ ◄Middle Pers. uzwān ‘tongue, language’ ◄Old Pers. hizānam acc.sg. ‘tongue’] ♣[Avestan hizū- m. ‘tongue’] ♣[OIA jihvā́- f. ʻtongueʼ RV.]

▲[PIE *dn̥ĝhū, dn̥ĝhu̯ā ‘tongue’](LRC),(AHD)▼

[PIE►·····►Eng. tongue] ♣[PIE►·····→Eng. language, linguist]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0614; (Turner, 1966) 5228; (MW, 1899) 0422; (Pokorny, 1959) 0223; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 1.591; (MacKenzie, 1971) 085; (Horn, 1893) 0650

अज़ از ♣ Eng. sect, sequence

अज़ از ♣ Eng. sect, sequence

[az], prep. from, by, than, with.

[←New Pers. az ‘from, than’ ◄Middle Pers. az ‘from, than’ ◄Old Pers.  hačā ‘from’] ♣[Young Avestan hača ‘from’ ◄Old Avestan hačā ‘from’] ♣[OIA sácā ‘near, together with, before’ <√sac ‘follow’]

▲[PIE *sekʷ- ‘to follow’](LRC)▼

[PIE►·····→Eng. seal, sect, sequence, sign, social, sue, suit]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0045; (Turner, 1966) p.757; (MW, 1899) 1130; (Pokorny, 1959) 0896; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.688, 2.686; (MacKenzie, 1971) 015; (Horn, 1893) 0075

चेहरा چہرہ ♣ Eng. -hood, cheetah

चेहरा چہرہ ♣ Eng. -hood, cheetah

[cɛhɛrā̌], m. face, countenance, mask, features.

[←New Pers. čihra ‘face, countenance’ <čihr ‘face, countenance, form, appearance’ ◄Middle Pers. čihr ‘form, shape, appearance, face’ ◄Old Pers. -čiça- ‘form’] ♣[Avestan čiθra- ‘origin, race’; Young Av. čiθra- adj. n. ‘shining, visible, conspicuous; appearance’ ◄Old Av. čiθra- adj. n. ‘shining; shining thing’] ♣[OIA citrá- ʻconspicuous, brightʼ RV., ʻvariegatedʼ MBh. <√cit ‘observe’]

▲[PIE *(s)kāi-, (d-), (t-) ‘shining, bright’](LRC)▼

[PIE►·····►Eng. -hood] ♣[PIE►·····→Eng. cheetah]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0461; (Turner, 1966) 4803, p.260; (MW, 1899) 0396, 0395; (Pokorny, 1959) 0916; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 1.542, 1.548; (MacKenzie, 1971) 022; (Horn, 1893) 0453

तेज़ تیز ♣ Eng. stitch, ticket

तेज़ تیز ♣ Eng. stitch, ticket

[tēz], adj.; adv. sharp, pungent, swift, quick, rapid, clever, shrewd; fast, rapidly.

[←New Pers. tēz adj. ‘sharp’ ◄Middle Pers. adj. tēz ‘sharp’ ◄Old Pers. tigra- adj. ‘pointed’] ♣[Avestan tiɣra- adj. ‘cutting, pointed, sharp’] ♣[OIA tḗjatē ʻis sharp, sharpensʼ RV. <√tij ‘be sharp’]

▲[PIE *(s)teig- ‘to stick, sting; sharp, pointed’](LRC),(AHD)▼

[PIE►·····►Eng. stitch, stick] ♣[PIE►·····→Eng. steak, stigma, ticket, tiger]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0351; (Turner, 1966) 5945, p.330; (MW, 1899) 0446; (Pokorny, 1959) 1016; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 1.668; (MacKenzie, 1971) 083; (Horn, 1893) 0408

रौशन روشن ♣ Eng. light, luster

रौशन روشن ♣ Eng. light, luster

[rɔ̄ʃan], adj. lighted, illuminated, splendid, bright.

[←New Pers. rōšan ‘light, bright’ ◄Middle Pers. rōšn ‘light; bright, light’ ◄Old Pers. raučah- n. ‘light’] ♣[Avestan raoxšna- f. ‘light’] ♣[OIA rṓcatē ʻshinesʼ RV. <√ruc ‘shine’]

▲[PIE *leuk- ‘to light, shine; see’](LRC),(AHD)▼

[PIE►·····►Eng. light, lea] ♣[PIE►·····→Eng. lux, luminous, lunar, luster, lucid, lynx]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0606; (Turner, 1966) 10832, p.622; (MW, 1899) 0881; (Pokorny, 1959) 0687; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.463; (MacKenzie, 1971) 072; (Horn, 1893) 0631

रोज़ روز ♣ Eng. light, luster

रोज़ روز ♣ Eng. light, luster

[rōz], m.; adv. a day; daily, every day.

[←New Pers. rōz ‘day’ ◄Middle Pers. rōz ‘day’ ◄Old Pers. raučah- n. ‘day’] ♣[Avestan raočah- n. ‘light’] ♣[OIA rōcís- n. ʻlight, brightnessʼ RV. <√ruc ‘shine’]

▲[PIE *leuk- ‘to light, shine; see’](LRC),(AHD)▼

[PIE►·····►Eng. light, lea] ♣[PIE►·····→Eng. lux, luminous, lunar, luster, lucid, lynx]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0605; (Turner, 1966) 10833, p.622; (MW, 1899) 0889, 0881; (Pokorny, 1959) 0687; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.463; (MacKenzie, 1971) 072; (Horn, 1893) 0629

बाग़ باغ ♣ Eng. -phagous, pagoda

बाग़ باغ ♣ Eng. -phagous, pagoda

[bāġ], m. a garden, orchard.

[←New Pers. bāγ ‘garden’ ◄Middle Pers. bāγ ‘garden, orchard’] ♣[Old Avestan bāga- ‘share, piece, portion’] ♣[OIA bhāga- m. ʻportion, fractionʼ ŚvetUp., bhūmi-bhāga- m. ʻpiece of land, placeʼ MBh. <√bhaj ‘divide, distribute’]

▲[PIE *bhag- ‘to divide, apportion’](LRC),(AHD)▼

[PIE►·····→Eng. -phagous, porgy, pagoda, baksheesh]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0123; (Turner, 1966) 9430, p.532; (MW, 1899) 0751, 0743; (Pokorny, 1959) 0107; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.260, 2.241; (MacKenzie, 1971) 016; (Horn, 1893) 0169