सूजना سُوجنا ♣ Eng. cave, church

सूजना سُوجنا ♣ Eng. cave, church

[sūjnā], v.i. to swell, be swollen, inflamed.

[◀MIA ⋯ ◀OIA śūyatē ʻis swollenʼ Car. <√śvi ‘swell’ ◀PIE *k̂eu-, k̂eu̯ǝ- : k̂ū-, k̂u̯ā- ‘to swell; vault, hole’] ♣[=PIE▶⋯→Eng. cave, cavity, church ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0694; (Turner, 1966) 12568, p.740; (MW, 1899) 1106; (Pokorny, 1959) 0592; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.623

सूना سُونا ♣ Eng. cave, church

सूना سُونا ♣ Eng. cave, church

[sūnā], adj. desolate, void, lonely.

[◀MIA: Pk. suṇṇa- ʻemptyʼ, n. ʻempty placeʼ; Pa. suñña- ʻemptyʼ, n. ʻemptinessʼ ◀OIA śūnyá- ʻemptyʼ ŚBr. <śūná- ʻswollen, grownʼ Suśr., m. nom. prop. MBh., śū́na- n. ʻemptinessʼ RV. <√śvi ‘swell’ ◀PIE *k̂eu-, k̂eu̯ǝ- : k̂ū-, k̂u̯ā- ‘to swell; vault, hole’] ♣[=PIE▶⋯→Eng. cave, cavity, church ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0701; (Turner, 1966) 12567, 12565, p.740; (Pali-Eng., 1925) 717; (MW, 1899) 1085, 1106; (Pokorny, 1959) 0592; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.650, 2.623

शीघ्र شیگھر ♣ Eng. hie

शीघ्र شیگھر ♣ Eng. hie

[ʃīgʰra], adv. soon, quickly, immediately.

[←OIA śīghrá- ʻquickʼ VS. ◀PIE *k̂ēi-gh- ‘fast, quick, hasty’] ♣[=PIE▶⋯▶Eng. hie ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0740; (Turner, 1966) 12484; (MW, 1899) 1077; (Pokorny, 1959) 0542; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.642

शिव شِو ♣ Eng. hide, city

शिव شِو ♣ Eng. hide, city

[ʃiv], m. a Hindu deity, the Lord Shiva.

[←OIA śivá- ʻauspiciousʼ RV., m. ʻa name of Rudraʼ ĀśvŚr. <√śī ‘lie down’ ◀PIE *k̂ei- ‘to lie down; camp’] ♣[=PIE▶⋯▶Eng. hide ] ♣[=PIE▶⋯→Eng. cemetery, city, civic, civil ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0735; (Turner, 1966) 12472, p.723; (MW, 1899) 1074, 1077; (Pokorny, 1959) 0539; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.640, 2.654, 2.613

INTRODUCTION (2010/06/28)

INTRODUCTION (2010/06/28)

1. Views

This blog intends;

(1) to trace the history of Modern Hindi (Urdu) words back to the *PIE (Proto-Indo-European) roots, and

(2) to identify the Modern English derivatives/reflexes descended from the common *PIE roots.

このブログの意図するところは；

(1) ヒンディー（ウルドゥー）語の単語の語源をインド・ヨーロッパ祖語の語根までたどり、さらに、

(2) 同じ語根を起源とする、現代英語における派生語／反映語を同定することにある。

2. Signs and Abbreviations

♣ ·················· (is) cognate with
< ·················· (is) derived from
> ·················· (has) developed into
◄, ► ············· periodization sign
← ················· (is) a loanword from
→ ················· (is) a loanword into

PIE ··············· Proto-Indo-European
MIA ·············· Middle Indo-aryan
OIA ·············· Old Indo-aryan
Pers. ············· Persian
Ap. ··············· Apabhraṁśa
Pa. ················ Pali
Pk. ················ Prakrit
RV. ··············· R̥gveda
MBh. ············· Mahābhārata

3. Major References

● Platts (1884)
● Turner (1966)
● Pali-English dictionary (1925)
● Monier-Williams (1899)
● Paul Horn (1893)
● MacKenzie (1971)
● Steingass (1892)
● Pokorny (1959)
● Indo-European etymology (2007)
● Germanic etymology (2008)
● Indo-Aryan inherited lexicon [Lubotsky] (in progress)
● Dictionary of the Iranian Verb [Cheung]
● The American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed. (2000)
● The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
● Online Etymology Dictionary (2001)
● Manfred Mayrhofer, Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen (1986-2001)
● Indo-European Lexicon compiled by The Linguistics Research Center (LRC) of the University of Texas (in progress)

4. Indo-European sound laws

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws

5. Font

The Roman alphabets with diacritical marks are made by using the TITUS font.

6. Labels

etymological dictionary of Hindi
etymological dictionary of Urdu
Hindi etymological dictionary
Urdu etymological dictionary
ヒンディー語語源辞典
ウルドゥー語語源辞典

सिरहाना سِرہانا ♣ Eng. horn + oakum + do

सिरहाना سِرہانا ♣ Eng. horn + oakum + do

[sirhānā], m. the head of a bed.

[◀MIA ⋯ ◀OIA *śiraādhāna- ʻresting-place for the headʼ <+③śíras- n. ‘head’ RV. (♣Eng. horn) <ādhā́na- n. ʻthe place in which anything restsʼ ŚBr. <ā-√dhā ‘to place on, put down, deposit, put’ <+②ā- ‘near to, towards’ (♣Eng. oakum) <√dhā ‘place’ ◀PIE *dhē- ‘to put, place, set’] ♣[=PIE▶⋯▶Eng. do, deed, doom, deem ] ♣[=PIE▶⋯→Eng. fact, factor, factory, fashion, face, office, theme ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0658; (Turner, 1966) 12449, 1163, p.387, ③ 12452; (MW, 1899) 0513, ② 0126, ③ 1072; (Pokorny, 1959) 0235, ② 0280, ③ 0574; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 1.783, ② 1.157, ③ 2.638

सान سان ♣ Eng. hone, cone

सान سان ♣ Eng. hone, cone

[sān], m.; f. a grindstone, touchstone.

[◀MIA: Pk. sāṇa- m. ʻwhetstoneʼ ◀OIA śāna- m., °nā- f. ʻwhetstoneʼ lex., śāṇa- m. Kāv. <√śō ‘whet’ ◀PIE *k̂ē(i)- : k̂ō(i)- : k̂ǝ(i)- ‘to sharpen, whet, grind’] ♣[=PIE▶⋯▶Eng. hone ] ♣[=PIE▶⋯→Eng. cone ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0628; (Turner, 1966) 12388, p.732; (MW, 1899) 1064; 1091 (Pokorny, 1959) 0541; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.627

शरण شرن ♣ Eng. hall, cell

शरण شرن ♣ Eng. hall, cell

[ʃaran], f. a shelter, refuge.

[←OIA śaraṇá- ʻprotectingʼ, n. ʻshelter, homeʼ RV. <√śar ‘protect’ ◀PIE *k̂el- ‘to cover, hide, conceal’] ♣[=PIE▶⋯▶Eng. hall, hell, helmet, hull ] ♣[=PIE▶⋯→Eng. cell, cellar, color ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0726; (Turner, 1966) 12326, p.714; (MW, 1899) 1057; (Pokorny, 1959) 0553; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.620

शत्रु شترو ♣ Eng. kern

शत्रु شترو ♣ Eng. kern

[ʃatru], m. an enemy, foe.

[←OIA śátru- m. ʻenemyʼ RV. ◀PIE *k̂at- ‘to fight; battle’] ♣[=PIE▶⋯→Eng. kern ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0722; (Turner, 1966) 12286; (MW, 1899) 1051; (Pokorny, 1959) 0534; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.607

सड़ना سڑنا ♣ Eng. case, chance

सड़ना سڑنا ♣ Eng. case, chance

[saṛnā], v.i. to rot, decay.

[◀MIA: Pk. saḍaï ʻfalls to pieces, rots, is illʼ, °aṇa- n. ◀OIA śáṭati ʻdisintegrates, is illʼ Dhātup. <√śaṭ ‘fall off, disintegrate, be destroyed, be depressed, be ill’ <√śad ‘fall’ ◀PIE *k̂ad- ‘to fall’] ♣[=PIE▶⋯→Eng. cascade, case, casual, chance ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0659; (Turner, 1966) 12268, p.710, p.712; (MW, 1899) 1048, 1051; (Pokorny, 1959) 0516; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 3.484, 2.607

शंका شنکا ♣ Eng. hang, hanker

शंका شنکا ♣ Eng. hang, hanker

[ʃankā], f. doubt, suspicion.

[←OIA śaṅkā́- f. ʻfear, distrustʼ ŚBr. <√śaṅk ‘doubt, fear’ ◀PIE *k̂enk-, k̂onk- ‘to sway, hang, dangle’] ♣[=PIE▶⋯▶Eng. hang, hinge ] ♣[=PIE▶⋯→Eng. hanker ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0734; (Turner, 1966) 12258, p.710; (MW, 1899) 1047; (Pokorny, 1959) 0566, 0614; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.604

व्रत ورت ♣ Eng. word, verb

व्रत ورت ♣ Eng. word, verb

[vrat], m. a fast, vow, pledge.

[←OIA vratá- n. (also m. lex.) ʻordinance, religious dutyʼ RV. ◀PIE *u̯er- ‘to speak, talk formally’] ♣[=PIE▶⋯▶Eng. word ] ♣[=PIE▶⋯→Eng. irony, verb ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 1186; (Turner, 1966) 12228; (MW, 1899) 1042; (Pokorny, 1959) 1162; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.594

बेपार بیپار ♣ Eng. with + oakum + fare

बेपार بیپار ♣ Eng. with + oakum + fare

[bēpār], m. trade, business.

[◀MIA: Pa. vyāpāra- m. ʻoccupation, businessʼ ◀OIA *viyāpāra-; vyāpāra- m. ʻoccupation, businessʼ MBh. <vy-ā- √pr̥ ‘to be occupied or engaged in, be busy about’ <+③ví- ‘apart, away from, in different directions’ (♣Eng. with, wide ) <ā-√pr̥ ‘to employ one’s self , to be occupied’ <+②ā- ‘near to, towards’ (♣Eng. oakum) <√pr̥ ‘bring across, assist, save, protect’ ◀PIE *per-, perǝ- ‘to carry over, bring, come through; to penetrate; to cross (water); to go over, fare’] ♣[=PIE▶⋯▶Eng. fern, fare, ferry, ford ] ♣[=PIE▶⋯→Eng. port, portable, porter ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0205; (Turner, 1966) 12205, p.473; (Pali-Eng., 1925) 654; (MW, 1899) 1038, 0143, 0645, ② 0126, ③ 0949; (Pokorny, 1959) 0816, ② 0280, ③ 1175; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.085, ② 1.157, ③ 2.549

वेद وید ♣ Eng. wise, vision

वेद وید ♣ Eng. wise, vision

[vēd], m. the Vedas.

[←OIA vḗda- m. ʻknowledge, sacred knowledgeʼ RV. <√vid ‘know, find out’ ◀PIE *u̯(e)id- ‘to see; to know’] ♣[=PIE▶⋯▶Eng. wisdom, wise, wit ] ♣[=PIE▶⋯→Eng. view, vision, visit ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 1208; (Turner, 1966) 12104, p.682; (MW, 1899) 0963; (Pokorny, 1959) 1125; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.579

बेंत بینت ♣ Eng. wire, vise

बेंत بینت ♣ Eng. wire, vise

[bē̃t], m. a cane, rattan.

[◀MIA: Pk. vetta-, vitta- m. ʻcaneʼ; Pa. vetta- n. ʻcaneʼ ◀OIA vētrá- m.n. ʻlarge reedʼ Kauś. ◀PIE *u̯ei-, u̯ei̯ǝ- : u̯ī- ‘to turn, bend, wind’] ♣[=PIE▶⋯▶Eng. wire, withe, withy ] ♣[=PIE▶⋯→Eng. vise ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0211; (Turner, 1966) 12101; (Pali-Eng., 1925) 647; (MW, 1899) 1015; (Pokorny, 1959) 1120; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.578