पढ़ना پڑھنا ♣ Eng. field, plain

पढ़ना پڑھنا ♣ Eng. field, plain

[paṛʰnā], v.t. to read, recite, study.

[◀MIA: Pk. paḍhaï ‘reads’; Pa. paṭhati ‘reads’ ◀OIA páṭhati ‘repeats aloud’ TĀr., ‘reads’ Mn. <√paṭh ‘recite, read’ <√prath ‘spread out’ ◀PIE *plā̆t- (plā̆d-), plē̆t-, plō̆t-, plǝt- ‘wide, flat, broad, plain; to spread out’ <*pelǝ-, plā- ‘wide, flat, broad, field, plain’] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙▶Eng. field, floor ] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙→Eng. palm, plain, plane, planet, plastic ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0261; (Turner, 1966) 7712, p.435, p.488; (Pali-Eng., 1925) 402; (MW, 1899) 0580, 0678; (Pokorny, 1959) 0833, 0805; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.068, 2.178

पक्का پکّا ♣ Eng. cook, cuisine

पक्का پکّا ♣ Eng. cook, cuisine

[pakkā], adj. cooked, ripe, solid, strong, firm, permanent, ready, matured, paved.

[◀MIA: Pk. Pa. pakka- ‘ripe, cooked’ ◀OIA pakvá- ‘cooked, ripe’ RV., pakvaká- AV., pakvá- n. ‘cooked food’ RV., ‘ripe corn’ AV. <√pac ‘cook’ ◀PIE *pekʷ- ‘to cook, to bake; to ripen’] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙→Eng. cook, cuisine, kitchen, biscuit, pumpkin ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0265; (Turner, 1966) 7621, p.431; (Pali-Eng., 1925) 380; (MW, 1899) 0575; (Pokorny, 1959) 0798; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.062, 2.064

नीचा نیچا ♣ Eng. nether + angle

नीचा نیچا ♣ Eng. nether + angle

[nīcā], adj. low, lowered, down, mean, base.

[◀MIA: Pk. ṇicca- ‘low’; Pa. nīca- ‘low, humble’ ◀OIA nīcā́ ‘below’ RV., nīcaíḥ ‘below’ AV., nīcā́t ‘from below’ RV. <níyañc-, nyàñc- ‘bent down, downward’ RV. <+②ní ‘down, in’ (♣Eng. nether ) <√añc ‘bend’ ◀PIE *ank-, ang- ‘to bend, bow’] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙▶Eng. angle, ankle ] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙→Eng. anchor ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 1165, ② 1109; (Turner, 1966) 7540, 7248, p.9, ② p.407; (Pali-Eng., 1925) 375, ② 351; (MW, 1899) 0010, ② 0538; (Pokorny, 1959) 0045, ② 0311, 0312; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.060, 1.052, ② 2.040

नींद نیند ♣ Eng. nether + dormitory

नींद نیند ♣ Eng. nether + dormitory

[nī̃d], f. sleep, sleepiness, doze.

[◀MIA: Pk. ṇiddā-, ṇeddā- f. ‘sleep’; Pa. niddā- f. ‘sleep’ ◀OIA nidrā́- f. ‘sleep’ RV. <+②ní ‘down, in’ (♣Eng. nether ) <√drai ‘sleep’ ◀PIE *drē-, drǝ- ‘sleep’] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙→Eng. dormant, dormitory ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 1170, ② 1109; (Turner, 1966) 7200, p.379, ② p.407; (Pali-Eng., 1925) 358, ② 351; (MW, 1899) 0548, 0502, ② 0538; (Pokorny, 1959) 0226, ② 0311, 0312; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 1.757, ② 2.040

निगलना نگلنا ♣ Eng. nether + gorge

निगलना نگلنا ♣ Eng. nether + gorge

[nigalnā], v.t. to swallow, gulp down.

[◀MIA ∙∙∙ ◀OIA nigalati ‘swallows’ Bhartr̥. <+②ní ‘down, in’ (♣Eng. nether ) <√*gal ‘swallow’ <√gr̥̄ ‘swallow’ ◀PIE *gʷer-, gʷerǝ- ‘to swallow, to drink, to devour; throat’] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙▶Eng. craw ] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙→Eng. gorge, voracious, devour ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 1151, ② 1109; (Turner, 1966) 7163, p.218, p.228, ② p.407; (Pali-Eng., 1925) 354, ② 351; (MW, 1899) 0363, ② 0538; (Pokorny, 1959) 0474, ② 0311, 0312; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 1.469, ② 2.040

नाव ناؤ ♣ Eng. navigate, navy

नाव ناؤ ♣ Eng. navigate, navy

[nāɔ], f. a boat, ship.

[◀MIA: Pk. ṇāvā- f. ‘boat’; Pa. nāvā- f. ‘boat’ ◀OIA nāvā́- f. ‘boat’ RV. <naú- ‘boat’ ◀PIE *nāus- ‘boat, ship’] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙→Eng. navigate, navy, nausea, nautical, astronaut ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 1119; (Turner, 1966) 7081, p.428; (Pali-Eng., 1925) 350; (MW, 1899) 0571; (Pokorny, 1959) 0755; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.059

नया نیا ♣ Eng. new, neon

नया نیا ♣ Eng. new, neon

[nayā], adj. new, novel, recent, modern, young.

[◀MIA: Pk. ṇavia- ‘new’ ◀OIA náviya- ‘new’ (metr.) RV. <náva- ‘new, fresh, young’ RV. ◀PIE *neu̯os, -i̯os ‘new, young’] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙▶Eng. new ] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙→Eng. neon, novel, novelty, innovate ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 1163; (Turner, 1966) 7025, 6983; (MW, 1899) 0530; (Pokorny, 1959) 0769; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.025

नंगा ننگا ♣ Eng. naked, nude

नंगा ننگا ♣ Eng. naked, nude

[nangā], adj. naked, nude, bare.

[◀MIA: Pk. ṇagga- , ṇagiṇa- ‘naked’; Pa. nagga-, naggiyā- f. ‘naked’ ◀OIA nagná- ‘naked’ RV., nágnaka- AV. ◀PIE *nogʷ-, nogʷod(h)o-, nogʷ-no- ‘naked’] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙▶Eng. naked ] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙→Eng. nude, gymnasium ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 1156; (Turner, 1966) 6926; (Pali-Eng., 1925) 345; (MW, 1899) 0525; (Pokorny, 1959) 0769; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.005

नाक ناک ♣ Eng. nose, nasal

नाक ناک ♣ Eng. nose, nasal

[nāk], f. the nose.

[◀MIA: Pk. ṇakka- m. ‘nose’ ◀OIA *nakka- ‘nose’ <nás- ‘nose’ ◀PIE *nas- ‘nose’] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙▶Eng. nose, nuzzle, nostril ] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙→Eng. nasal ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 1115; (Turner, 1966) 6909, p.403; (MW, 1899) 0532; (Pokorny, 1959) 0755; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.030

धोखा دھوکا ♣ Eng. dream

धोखा دھوکا ♣ Eng. dream

[dʰōk⁽ʰ⁾ā], m. a deceit, trick, deception, fraud, cheating, mistake.

[◀MIA ∙∙∙ ◀OIA *dhrōkṣa- ‘deceit’ <√druh ‘injure, deceive’ ◀PIE *dhreugh- ‘to deceive, harm’] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙▶Eng. dream ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0551; (Turner, 1966) 6894, p.379; (MW, 1899) 0502; (Pokorny, 1959) 0276; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 1.760

ढीठ ڈھیٹ ♣ Eng. dare

ढीठ ڈھیٹ ♣ Eng. dare

[ḍʰīṭ⁽ʰ⁾], adj. insolent, audacious, impudent, pert, obstinate.

[◀MIA: Pk. dhiṭṭha- , dhaṭṭha- ‘bold’ ◀OIA dhr̥ṣṭá- ‘bold, impudent’ RV., pejorative at end of cmpds. Pāṇ. <√dhr̥ṣ ‘be bold’ ◀PIE *dhers- ‘to dare, to venture, to be adroit, daring, bold’] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙▶Eng. dare, durst ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0574; (Turner, 1966) 6875, p.393; (MW, 1899) 0519; (Pokorny, 1959) 0259; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 1.780

धुआँ دھواں ♣ Eng dust, fume

धुआँ دھواں ♣ Eng dust, fume

[dʰuā̃], m. smoke, vapor.

[◀MIA: Pk. Pa. dhūma- m. ‘smoke’ ◀OIA dhūmá- m. ‘smoke, vapour, mist’ RV. ◀PIE *dheu-, dheu̯ǝ- ‘to blow, dissipate, fly about like dust, to storm’] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙▶Eng. deaf, dizzy, dove, down, dumb, dusk, dust ] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙→Eng. dull, dwell, fume, stove, thyme ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0550; (Turner, 1966) 6849; (Pali-Eng., 1925) 343; (MW, 1899) 0518; (Pokorny, 1959) 0261; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 1.795

धातु دھات ♣ Eng. do, fact

धातु دھات ♣ Eng. do, fact

[dʰātu], f. a metal.

[←OIA dhā́tu- n. ‘substance’ RV., m. ‘element’ MBh., ‘metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour)’ Mn. <√dhā ‘place’ ◀PIE *dhē- ‘to put, place, set’] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙▶Eng. do, deed, doom, deem ] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙→Eng. fact, factor, factory, fashion, face, office, theme ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0537; (Turner, 1966) 6773, p.387; (MW, 1899) 0513; (Pokorny, 1959) 0235; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 1.783

धरना دھرنا ♣ Eng. farm, firm

धरना دھرنا ♣ Eng. farm, firm

[dʰarnā], v.t. to put, place, lay down, put down.

[◀MIA: Pk. dharaï ‘holds, catches’; Pa. dharati ‘holds, supports’, intr. ‘continues’ ◀OIA dhárati ‘holds, keeps’ Dhātup. <√dhr̥ ‘hold’ ◀PIE *dher-, dherǝ- ‘to hold firmly, support’] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙→Eng. farm, firm, throne ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0543; (Turner, 1966) 6747, p.393; (Pali-Eng., 1925) 340; (MW, 1899) 0519; (Pokorny, 1959) 0252; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 1.778

दिन دن ♣ Eng. Tuesday, July

दिन دن ♣ Eng. Tuesday, July

[din], m. a day.

[◀MIA: Pk. diṇa- n.m. ‘day’; Pa. dina- n. ‘day’ ◀OIA dina- n. ‘day’ Mn. (in cmpds. in RV.) <√dī ‘shine’ ◀PIE *dei-, dei̯ǝ-, dī-, di̯ā- ‘to shine; day; sun; sky; heaven; god’] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙▶Eng. Tuesday ] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙→Eng. July, Jupiter, Zeus, deity, divine, diary ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0527; (Turner, 1966) 6328, p.363; (Pali-Eng., 1925) 322; (MW, 1899) 0480; (Pokorny, 1959) 0183; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.304, 1.750, 1.701

दहकना دہکنا ♣ Eng. day, fever

दहकना دہکنا ♣ Eng. day, fever

[dɛh₍ɛ₎knā], v.i. to burn, blaze.

[◀MIA: Pk. dahaï, ḍa° ‘burns’; Pa. dahati, ḍa° ‘burns’ ◀OIA dáhati ‘burns, roasts’ RV. <√dah ‘burn’ ◀PIE *dhegʷh- ‘to burn’] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙▶Eng. day ] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙→Eng. fever ]

☞ (Platts, 1884) 0545; (Turner, 1966) 6245, p.357; (Pali-Eng., 1925) 317; (MW, 1899) 0473; (Pokorny, 1959) 0240; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 1.712