[sir], m. the head, top.
[◀MIA: Pk. sira- n. ‘head’; Pa. sira- n. (acc. sirō, siraṁ, sirasaṁ ) ‘head’ ◀OIA śíras- n. ‘head’ RV. ◀PIE *k̂er-, k̂erǝ- : k̂rā-, k̂erei-, k̂ereu- ‘head; horn’] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙▶Eng. horn, hornet ] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙→Eng. corner, cornet, carrot, cerebrum ]
☞ (Platts, 1884) 0649; (Turner, 1966) 12452; (Pali-Eng., 1925) 711; (MW, 1899) 1072; (Pokorny, 1959) 0574; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.638
[sɔ̵], adj. num. 100 (a hundred).
[◀MIA: Pk. saya-, saa-, sayaya- n. ‘100’; Pa. sata- n., °aka- n. ‘100’ ◀OIA śatá- n. ‘100’ RV. ◀PIE *dek̂m̥, dek̂m̥-t, dek̂u- ‘ten’] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙▶Eng. ten, hundred ] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙→Eng. decade, cent, century ]
☞ (Platts, 1884) 0690; (Turner, 1966) 12278; (Pali-Eng., 1925) 672; (MW, 1899) 1048; (Pokorny, 1959) 0191; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.606
[bɛ̵r], m. enmity, hatred, hostility.
[←(adaptation)− OIA vaíra- ‘hostile’, n. ‘enmity’ AV. <vīrá- m. ‘man, hero, son’ RV., ‘male of an animal’ AV. ◀PIE *u̯ī̆ro-s ‘man; warrior, hero’] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙▶Eng. werewolf, world ] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙→Eng. virile, virtue ]
☞ (Platts, 1884) 0208; (Turner, 1966) 12142, 12056; (MW, 1899) 1024, 1005; (Pokorny, 1959) 1177; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.588, 2.569
बीतना بیتنا ♣ Eng. worth, version
[bītnā], v.i. to pass, elapse (of time), happen, befall.
[◀MIA: Pk. vaṭṭa-, vatta-, vitta-, vutta- ‘passed, gone away, completed, dead’ ◀OIA vr̥ttá- ‘completed’ MaitrUp., ‘passed, elapsed (of time)’ KauṣUp. <√vr̥t ‘turn’ ◀PIE *u̯er-t- ‘to turn, wind’ <*u̯er- ‘to turn, bend’] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙▶Eng. worth, weird, wreath, writhe, worry, wrong, worm ] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙→Eng. verse, version, versus, vermicelli ]
☞ (Platts, 1884) 0206; (Turner, 1966) 12069, p.698; (Pali-Eng., 1925) ; (MW, 1899) 1009; (Pokorny, 1959) 1152 (1156); (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.518
ब्याह بیاہ ♣ Eng. with + wagon
[byā₍h₎], m. a marriage, wedding.
[◀MIA: Pk. vivāha-, viāha- m. ‘marriage’; Pa. vivāha- m. ‘marriage’ ◀OIA vivāhá- m. ‘marriage’ AV. < vi-√vah ‘to bear or carry off, remove, to lead away (the bride from her father’s house)’ <+②ví ‘apart, away from’ (♣Eng. with, wide ) <√vah ‘carry’ ◀PIE *u̯eĝh- ‘to move, carry, drive, drag, go, transport in a vehicle’] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙▶Eng. weigh, wain, way ] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙→Eng. wagon, vehicle ]
☞ (Platts, 1884) 0205; (Turner, 1966) 11920, p.668; (Pali-Eng., 1925) 638; (MW, 1899) 0987, 0933, ② 0949; (Pokorny, 1959) 1118, ② 1175; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.535, ② 2.549
[bāl], m. a hair, crack (in china &c.).
[◀MIA: Pk. Pa. vāla- m. ‘hair’ (Pa. also ‘hair of tail’) ◀OIA vā́la- m. ‘hair of tail, tail, hair’ TS., vālaka- m. ‘tail of horse or elephant’ lex., vā́ra- n. (rarely m.) ‘sheep’s wool (as sieve)’ RV. ◀PIE *u̯el-, u̯elǝ- ‘hair, wool; grass, forest’] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙▶Eng. wool ]
☞ (Platts, 1884) 0124; (Turner, 1966) 11572, 11549; (Pali-Eng., 1925) 610; (MW, 1899) 0946; (Pokorny, 1959) 1139; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.545
[bajnā], v.i. to sound, ring, strike (as a clock), resound, chime.
[◀MIA: Pk. vajjaï ‘is played or sounded’;
☞ (Platts, 1884) 0134; (Turner, 1966) 11513, p.656; (Pali-Eng., 1925) 599; (MW, 1899) 0916; (Pokorny, 1959) 0076; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.496
बहना بہنا ♣ Eng. weigh, vehicle
[bɛh₍ɛ₎nā], v.i. to flow.
[◀MIA: Pk. vahaï ‘carries’; Pa. vahati tr. ‘carries’, intr. ‘proceeds’ ◀OIA váhati ‘carries, bears along (of rivers), is carried along’ RV. <√vah ‘carry’ ◀PIE *u̯eĝh- ‘to move, carry, drive, drag, go, transport in a vehicle’] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙▶Eng. weigh, wain, way ] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙→Eng. wagon, vehicle ]
☞ (Platts, 1884) 0192; (Turner, 1966) 11453, p.668; (Pali-Eng., 1925) 606; (MW, 1899) 0933; (Pokorny, 1959) 1118; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.535
[bal], m. a twist, curve, wrinkle.
[◀MIA:
☞ (Platts, 1884) 0163; (Turner, 1966) 11412, p.665; (Pali-Eng., 1925) 603; (MW, 1899) 0927; (Pokorny, 1959) 1140; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.525, 2.512
[baras], m. a year.
[◀MIA: Pk. varisa- m.n. ‘year’ ◀OIA varṣá- n. ‘year’ ŚBr. <√vr̥ṣ ‘rain’ ◀PIE *au̯(e)-, au̯ed-, au̯er- ‘to flow, to wet; water, etc.’] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙▶Eng. water, wet, wash, winter ] ♣[=PIE▶∙∙∙→Eng. whiskey, vodka ]
☞ (Platts, 1884) 0147; (Turner, 1966) 11392, p.700; (MW, 1899) 0926, 1011; (Pokorny, 1959) 0078; (Mayrhofer, 1986-2001) 2.522
INTRODUCTION (2009/06/18)
1. Views
This blog intends;
(1) to trace the history of Modern Hindi (Urdu) words back to the *PIE (Proto-Indo-European) roots, and
(2) to find the Modern English derivatives descended from the common *PIE roots.
このブログの意図するところは；
(1) ヒンディー（ウルドゥー）語の単語の語源をインド・ヨーロッパ祖語の語根までたどり、さらに、
(2) その語根を起源とする、現代英語における派生語を見いだすことにある。
2. Signs and Abbreviations
♣ ·················· (is) cognate with
< ·················· (is) derived from
> ·················· (has) developed into
◀, ▶ ··············· periodization sign
← ················· (is) a loanword from
→ ················· (is) a loanword into
PIE ··············· Proto-Indo-European
MIA ·············· Middle Indo-aryan
OIA ·············· Old Indo-aryan
Pers. ············· Persian
Ap. ···············
Pa. ················ Pali
Pk. ················ Prakrit
RV. ··············· R̥gveda
MBh. ············ Mahābhārata
3. Major References
● Platts (1884)
● Turner (1966)
● Pali-English dictionary (1925)
● Monier-Williams (1899)
● Paul Horn (1893)
● MacKenzie (1971)
● Pokorny (1959)
● Indo-European etymology (2007)
● Germanic etymology (2008)
● Indo-Aryan inherited lexicon [Lubotsky] (in progress)
● Dictionary of the Iranian Verb [Cheung]
● The American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed. (2000)
● Online Etymology Dictionary (2001)
● Manfred Mayrhofer, Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen (1986-2001)
● Indo-European Lexicon compiled by The Linguistics Research Center (LRC) of the University of Texas (in progress)
4. Font
The Roman alphabets with diacritical marks are made by using the TITUS font.
5. Labels
etymological dictionary of Hindi
etymological dictionary of Urdu
Hindi etymological dictionary
Urdu etymological dictionary
